At the end of this course participants will be able to:

• Have a working knowledge of the full range of representative special processing methods
• Account for geophysical input in a multi-disciplinary team

• Modern seismic data acquisition
• Fundamentals of seismic prospecting
• Reflection field equipment
• Basics of 2D survey design
• Basics of 3D survey design
• Reflection field layout
• Reflection field method for land survey
• Seismic data processing

Day 1

Introduction

• Historical perspective
• Milestones in the seismic industry

Modern Seismic Data Acquisition

• Land data acquisition
• Marine data acquisition
• Transition – zone recording

Fundamentals of Seismic Prospecting

• Seismic wave fundamentals
• Characteristics of seismic events
• Seismic noise

Day 2

Reflection Field Equipment

• Seismic sources
• Seismic receivers
• Seismic instrumentation

Basics of 2D Survey Design

• Basic concepts in 2D surveys

Basics of 3D Survey Design

• Why 3D seismic survey?
• Basic concepts in 3D surveys
• 3D survey design sequence
• Land 3-D layouts

Day 3

Reflection Field Layout

• Split-dip and common midpoint recording
• Spread types
• Arrays
• Resolution

Reflection Field Method for Land Surveys

• The seismic field party
• Seismic data acquisition
• 2D survey parameters
• 3D survey parameters
• Experimental surveys
• 2D survey parameters
• 3D survey parameters

Day 4

Seismic Data Processing

• Why processing?
• Seismic data processing
• Objectives of data processing
• Basic data processing sequence

Seismic Data Processing Stage 1

• Preprocessing
• Sorting
• Filtering

Day 5

Seismic Data Processing Stage 2

• Convolutional model
• De-convolution
• De-convolution methods
• Deterministic de-convolution
• Statistical de-convolution

Seismic Data Processing Stage 3

• Velocity analysis
• Normal move-out corrections
• Dip move-out corrections
• Residual statics corrections

Seismic Data Processing Stage 4

• Stacking
• Time variant filtering
• Migration

At the end of this course participants will be able to

• Have a clear understanding of the terminology used by petroleum geologists
• Understand the sources and reliability of various types of geological information.
• Know what geological questions to ask in order to gain an understanding of the cost, and analyse risk, of critical elements of a petroleum project
• Carry on a basic technical conversation with a petroleum geologist
• Know where to look to continue to increase their geological understanding

• Basic rock forming processes
• Geological time and dating geological events
• Fundamentals of maps and sections
• Characteristics of petroleum accumulations
• Sedimentary depositional environments
• The process of petroleum exploration
• Geological information from wells
• Fundamentals of production geology
• Managing geological uncertainty
• Field development concepts
• Concepts of reserves

Day 1

Basic Rock Forming Processes

• Classification and origin of rocks
• Burial, lithification, and diagenesis

Geological Time and Dating Geological Events

• How rocks are dated (absolute and relative time)
• Importance of time in rock formation and deformation
• Significance of unconformities
• Lithostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy
• Understanding a stratigraphic column

Day 2

Fundamentals of Maps and Sections

• Concepts of strike and dip
• Isochores and isopachs
• Key characteristics of maps and sections
• Mapping structure and stratigraphy

Characteristics of Petroleum Accumulations

• Nature and origin of traps, sources, seals, and reservoirs
• Structural and stratigraphic traps
• Petroleum systems
• Generating leads and prospects

Day 3

Sedimentary Depositional Environments

• Types and origins of sedimentary rocks (clastics and carbonates)
• Major depositional environments and their importance to exploration
• Characteristics and distribution of source rocks, reservoirs and seals
• Facies mapping and palaeogeography

The Process of Petroleum Exploration

• Basin, play and prospect analysis
• Remote sensing and the basics of seismology
• Generating and evaluating prospects
• Depth converting seismic sections

Day 4

Geological Information from Wells

• Brief overview of drilling and well completion procedures
• Drilling procedures
• Sources and reliability of well data (mud logging, well logging, testing)
• Coring and core analysis
• Working with well logs
• Simple well log analysis

Fundamentals of Production Geology

• Role of the production geologist
• Sources and reliability of information
• Reservoir geology and approaches to reservoir modeling

Day 5

Managing Geological Uncertainty

• Prospect risking and ranking
• Deterministic versus probabilistic approaches to volumetrics

Field Development Concepts

• Key features of producing reservoirs
• Reducing uncertainty through appraisal drilling

Concepts Of Reserves

• Sourcing and quantifying uncertainty
• Definitions of reserves
• Approaches to reserves estimation

At the end of this course participants will be able to

• Understand geophysical methods
• Understand seismic reflection
• Know explanations of particular methods

• Geophysical methodology
• Seismic procedures
• Electrical and electromagnetic methods
• Gravity techniques
• Subsurface geophysical methods
• Airborne geophysical methods
• Remote sensing
• Engineering vibration investigations

Day 1

Geophysical Methodology

• Uses of geophysical surveys

Seismic Procedures

• General seismic methods
• Seismic refraction
• Shallow seismic reflection
• Surface wave methods
• Sub-bottom profiling

Day 2

Electrical and Electromagnetic Methods

• Self-potential methods
• Equipotential and resistivity methods
• Induced polarization
• Time-domain electromagnetics
• Techniques for resistivity
• Sounding
• Frequency-domain electromagnetic methods
• Terrain conductivity
• Metal detector surveys
• Ground-penetrating radar

Day 3

Gravity Techniques

• Applications
• Noise evaluation
• Rock properties
• Fieldwork

Subsurface Geophysical Methods

• General in-hole logging procedures
• General crosshole procedures
• Surface to borehole procedures

Day 4 and 5

Airborne Geophysical Methods

• Scope of airborne investigations
• Airborne geophysical measures

Remote Sensing

• Capabilities of remote sensors
• Characteristics of various remote sensors
• Remote sensor data
• Sources and characteristics of available and historic data
• Data set procurement and merging

Engineering Vibration Investigations

• Earthquake-resistant design
• Vibration concerns
• Acoustic emissions
• Non-destructive testing

At the end of this course participants will be able to

• Understand the strengths and limitations of the seismic method, and the costs and risks involved
• Understand the meaning of seismic maps and sections, and know how to judge the quality and limitations of these important exploration tools
• Know an overview of the latest developments in seismic technology

• The seismic method
• Seismic theory
• Seismic experiments
• Seismic data acquisition
• Seismic processing
• AVO
• VSP
• 4D
• Shear wave surveys
• Seismic interpretation

Day 1

Introduction

• Role and value of seismic data in the E & P chain
• Overview of the seismic method
• A simple seismic experiment

Simplified Seismic Theory

• Elastic waves
• Wave fronts and ray paths
• Acoustic impedance – reflection, amplitude, and phase
• Where reflections come from – primary vs multiple
• Rock properties (especially velocities)
• Synthetic seismograms

Day 2

Seismic Data Acquisition

• Common Midpoint Stacking (CMP) technique
• Field layout - land and marine
• Seismic sources and source arrays
• Seismic receivers, arrays, and other recording gear
• 2D, 3D, and 4D acquisition geometries and procedures

Day 3

Seismic Processing Without The Maths

• Pre-processing
• Bandwidth and phase of seismic data
• Frequency filtering
• Statics and datum corrections
• Deconvolution
• Velocity analysis and velocity jargon
• Residual statics and post-stack processing
• Seismic migration
• Seismic data display

Special Topics

• Seismic inversion
• AVO: Amplitude vs offset - angle stacks
• VSP: Well seismic - types of VSP
• 4D: Time-lapse seismic monitoring
• Shear wave surveys

Day 5

Seismic Interpretation

• Structural interpretation
• Seismic stratigraphy
• Stratigraphic interpretation
• Seismic attributes
• Depth conversion
• Direct hydrocarbon indicators (DHIs)

At the end of this course participants will be able to

• Understand the oil & gas chain and know how departments work and integrate together in the company
• Know new terminology in the oil & gas industry and improve communication between departments in the company
• Understand the current technical, commercial, and operation issues
• Be familiar with all engineering and development aspects of the industry
• Be familiar with various geological and geophysical exploration methods
• Explain the principal objectives and some key challenges in petroleum industry

• Oil & gas industry overview
• Oil & gas geology
• Exploration phase
• Drilling operations
• Conventional and unconventional oil & gas recourses
• Formation evaluation
• Well completion
• Oil & gas production facilities
• Reservoir management
• Pipeline and other transportation modes
• Gas storage facilities
• Fundamentals of LNG production and transportation
• Crude oil refinery production and processes
• Commercial & legal issues
• Oil & gas prices volatility
• Oil & gas trading and transportation
• Roles of NOC, IOC, I-NOC

Day 1

Overview of the Oil & Gas Industry

• The main value creation steps from exploration to end-user products
• Upstream, midstream and downstream sectors
• Geographical distribution of resources
• Main consumption markets
• Industry and market participants
• Important industry trends

Day 2 and 3

Upstream Sector

• Origins of oil & gas
• Physical and chemical quality characteristics of oil & gas
• Conventional and unconventional oil & gas resources
• Obtaining commercial access to resources
• Creating value by locating oil & gas reservoirs
• Creating value by turning resources into bookable reserves
• Basics of oil & gas production
• Enhancing the value of mature resources
• Arrangements for sharing of risk, investment and rewards
• Roles of national oil companies and independent oil companies

Day 4

Midstream Sector

• Marine transportation of oil
• Pipeline and other oil transportation modes
• Oil storage logistics
• Creating value by getting gas to market
• Fundamentals of LNG production and transportation
• Gas pipeline operations
• Gas storage facilities
• Creating value through the use of transport and storage
• Wholesale trading of crude oil, LNG and natural gas

Day 5

Downstream Sector

• Refining processes and the main petroleum products
• Economics of refinery operations
• Blending and storage of refined products
• Biofuels and additives
• Regulation of end-user markets
• Retail and wholesale marketing of transport fuels
• Retail and wholesale marketing of natural gas
• Lubricants, asphalt and other specialty oil products
• Overview of petrochemicals markets
• Trading of refined products

At the end of this course participants will be able to

• Understand vital aspects such as volume of shale/clay, porosity, permeability, and water saturation determinations
• Select tool combinations to resolve key issues and for specific applications.
• Assess uncertainty in petrophysical measurements and techniques and its influence on reserve estimation

• Petrophysical analysis
• Rock and fluid properties
• Aspects of drilling and logging
• Core and log analysis
• Seismic petrophysics

Day 1 and 2

Introduction

• Petrophysical analysis and formation evaluation
• Integrated core and log analyses

Day 3 and 4

Rock and Fluid Properties

• Classification and identification of clastic and chemical sedimentary rocks
• Impact of weathering, burial, and lithification on sedimentary rocks
• Cement types and origin
• Porosity and permeability
• Impact of grain arrangements, matrix materials, and fluid types
• Water saturation determination
• Pressure analysis

Aspects of Drilling and Logging

• Mud logging
• Core acquisition and interpretation
• Wireline and LWD logging and imaging\
• Analogue studies

Day 5

Core and Log Analysis

• Gamma ray log analysis
• Porosity log analysis (density, neutron porosity, and sonuic)
• Resistivity log analysis and water saturation
• Acoustic log analysis (compressional, shear, and Stonely waves)
• Nuclear magnetic resonance
• Azimuthal (image) log analysis
• Calibration of core and log data

Seismic Petrophysics

• Seismic versus log comparison and data integration
• Seismic attribute analysis

At the end of this course participants will be able to

• Have a practical understanding of seismic data acquisition and processing
• Know the principles involved in imaging geologic structures and properties with seismic data, and parameters that affect seismic data quality, cost, and interpretation accuracy
• Determine whether seismic data has been recorded and processed correctly
• Apply quality assurance steps

• Introduction to acquisition and processing
• Seismic wave propagation
• Survey design
• Acquisition geometry
• Data processing factors
• Prestack and velocity analysis
• Statics
• Migration and processing strategies and pitfalls

Day 1

Introduction to Acquisition and Processing

• Interpretating seismic data
• Issues and concerns
• Basic concepts of seismic surveying

Seismic Wave Propagation

• Refraction
• Diffraction
• Reflection and seismic velocity
• Properties of seismic waveforms

Day 2

Seismic Reflection Principles

• Properties of seismic waveforms and traces vertical resolution
• Lateral resolution amplitude effects

Field Data Acquisition Principles

• Type of seismic data acquisition
• Marine
• Land
• Borehole
• OBC
• Time-lapse
• Signal and noise
• Field array design

Day 3

Land Acquisition Systems and Operations

• Sources
• Sensors
• Recording the data

Marine Acquisition Systems and Operations

• Overall layout
• Sources
• Receivers
• Environmental considerations

Day 4

Data Processing Factors

• Signal analysis
• Data conditioning
• Near-surface distortion
• Noise attenuation
• Multiple attenuation
• Regularization

Day 5

Prestack and Velocity Analysis and Signal Corrections

• Imaging
• Velocity model estimation
• Prestack amplitude analysis
• Survey design

At the end of this course participants will be able to

• Determine elastic properties from AVO/AVA analysis for fluid and lithologic discrimination
• Integrate well data through seismic inversion techniques
• Know the fundamentals of seismic wave propagation and specific attributes of seismic measurements toward enhanced interpretation and petrophysics

• Fundamentals of rock physics and seismic interpretation
• Seismic attributes for reservoir characterization
• AVO concepts and related factors
• Hydrocarbon detection using AVO
• AVO analysis for reservoir characterization
• Techniques for interpretation of AVO
• AVO cross-plotting techniques
• LMR, EEI and simultaneous inversion for reservoir characterization
• AVO/LMR/EEI inversion for fluid and fracture identification in carbonate
• Seismic attributes and wave factors
• Decon and scaling effect on attributes
• Time and frequency domain attributes

Day 1

Review of the Seismic Process

• Review of seismic fundamentals, including rock physics and aspects of propagating seismic waves
• General seismic interpretation

Seismic Attributes

• Various attribute types
• Multi-attribute analysis

Day 2

AVO Analysis

• Fundamental principles
• Applications
• Pitfalls

Borehole Seismology

• Borehole seismic measurements
• Techniques and integration into the seismic petrophysical investigations

Seismic Inversion

• Examination of techniques and benefits of seismic inversion
• Prestack (elastic) versus poststack inversion
• Deterministic versus stochastic (probabilistic) inversion
• Resultant products, including extraction of physical rock and fluid properties

Day 3 and 4

Enhanced Sedimentologic/Stratigraphic Interpretation from Seismic Attributes

• Extracting more information of the sediment logic/stratigraphic system
• Wavelet versus layers
• Seismic geomorphology
• Intraformational variations and facies analysis
• 3D Wheeler diagrams

Enhanced Fault Interpretation from Seismic Attributes

• Extracting more fault information from seismic data
• Extracting more fault information from regional studies to role in reservoir characterization

Seismic Anisotropy Analysis

• Fracture ID
• Seismic anisotropy analysis and fracture mapping
• Stress analysis from seismic data
• Extraction of stress data for prospect seal risking
• Wellbore stability investigations

Day 5

Reservoir behavior during production

• Reservoir Characterization and Understanding Risk
• The role of seismic data and analysis in integrative studies (well, core, other datasets)
• Reservoir properties and behavior
• Risk uncertainties
• Field development and enhanced recovery

At the end of this course participants will be able to

• Have a basic tool set and workflow interpretation.
• Know the principles underlying the interpretation process.
• Know about volumetric interpretation, amplitude variation with AVO, and time-lapse methods

• The 3D seismic development
• Physical basis of reflection seismology
• Seismic acquisition and processing
• 2D vs 3D seismic data
• Beginning the interpretation
• Stratigraphic interpretation
• Advanced methods

Day 1

3D Seismic Development

• The modern 3D seismic interpreter
• Seismic methods – a conceptual framework for interpreters

Physical Basis of Reflection Seismology

• Introduction
• Reflection and rock properties
• Seismic resolution

Day 2 and 3

Seismic Acquisition and Processing

• 2D seismic acquisition and processing
• 3D seismic acquisition and processing
• Reprocessing, post-stack processing
• Coherency processing

2D vs 3D Seismic Data

• 2D seismic data
• 3D seismic data – viewing techniques
• Use of colour

Beginning the Interpretation

• Project preparation
• Velocity information, synthetic seismograms
• Pitfalls
• Structural interpretation
• Picking faults
• Fault visualization
• Subtle structures

Day 4 and 5

Depth Conversion

• Concepts
• Methods

Stratigraphic Interpretation

• Sequence stratigraphy
• Seismic stratigraphy
• Techniques

Advanced Methods

• Amplitude Variation with Offset (AVO)
• Seismic Attributes
• Time-Lapse (4D) seismic method
• Multi-component seismic method
• Seismic inversion